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61.
Climate vulnerability index - measure of climate change vulnerability to communities: a case of rural Lower Himalaya,India 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Rajiv Pandey ShashidharKumar Jha 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(5):487-506
Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) is being proposed to assess climate change vulnerability of communities with a case study.
The index consists of household parameters of all the three dimensions of vulnerability such as Exposure, Sensitivity and
Adaptive Capability. Exposure is defined by ‘Natural disaster and Climate variability’, however Sensitivity by ‘Health’, Food’,
and ‘Water’ and Adaptive Capability by ‘Socio-demographic profile’, ‘Livelihood strategies’, and ‘Social networks’. Respective
parameters were based on the peers and literature. The CVI vulnerable status ranges from high (0) to low (1). Household questionnaire
survey was undertaken from two regions namely, near to district (NDH) and away to district (ADH), in Srinagar, Uttrakhand,
India. Data for desired parameters for CVI was collected from 50 randomly selected households. Data were aggregated using
a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. High vulnerability was observed for livelihood strategies,
food and natural disaster for ADH households, and health and water for NDH households. It was found that the adaptive capability
and sensitivity of ADH households was higher than NDH, however, exposure realization was similar in both the regions. The
CVI was 0.69 and 0.64 for NDH and ADH, respectively, suggests high vulnerability to NDH households. This pragmatic CVI approach
may be used to assess and monitor vulnerability under various stress condition, and/or evaluate potential program/ policy
effectiveness in various data-scarce regions by comparing various anticipated scenarios with baseline. Further, the result
obtained by index may have implications for developing adaptation or coping strategies to the region. 相似文献
62.
Assessment and occurrence of various heavy metals in surface water of Ganga river around Kolkata: a study for toxicity and ecological impact 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Md. Wasim Aktar M. Paramasivam M. Ganguly S. Purkait Daipayan Sengupta 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,160(1-4):207-213
A study was conducted during November, 2005–October, 2006 to evaluate the surface water quality of river Ganga around Kolkata. The samples were analyzed for a number of physico-chemical parameters using standard laboratory procedures and giving prime thrust to determine the heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) of surface water at four different locations of the river Ganga around Kolkata from two points (middle of the river stream and a discharge point) at each location. Out of 96 samples analyzed, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni were detected in 71, 47, 38, 60, and 45 samples in the concentrations ranging from 0.013 to 5.49, 0.022 to 1.78, 0.003 to 0.033, 0.005 to 0.293, and 0.045 to 0.24 mg L???1, respectively. Cd and Pb were detected in six and 21 samples in the range of 0.005 to 0.006 and 0.05 to 0.53 mg L???1, respectively. But Cr was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The metals exhibited no significant variation with respect to sampling locations as well as discharge points. However, the concentration of those metals varied with season, being higher in rainy and lower in winter season. 相似文献
63.
Rajiv K. Sinha 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(2):183-197
The Green Revolution in India which was heralded in the 1960‘s was a mixed blessing. Ambitious use of agro-chemicals boosted
food production but also destroyed the agricultural ecosystem. Of late Indian farmers and agricultural scientists have realized
this and are anxious to find alternatives – perhaps a non-chemical agriculture – and have even revived their age-old traditional
techniques of natural farming. Scientists are working to find economically cheaper and ecologically safer alternatives to
agro-chemicals. Blue-Green Algae Biofertilizers, Earthworm Vermicomposts (Vermiculture), biological control of pests and herbal
biopesticides are showing promise. Saline agriculture and sewage farming are also being promoted in India to augment food
production in the face of water scarcity. There is a move to search for alternative foods, which are more nutritious, cheaper
and have shorter harvest cycles. Farm and food policy in India has to change its outlook before there can be a second green
revolution.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
64.
Statistical evaluation of the influence of flow conditions and sampling techniques on water quality data. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this study is to statistically evaluate the influence of various sampling methodologies and flow conditions on the quality and comparability of total phosphorus concentration data collected over the course of 27 months at the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) S-65E structure. The data was obtained from the following sampling methodologies: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (Reston, Virginia) equal width increment spatially composite grab samples, USGS replicate samples, SFWMD grab samples, and SFWMD autosampler samples. Both significant and insignificant differences were reported from these comparisons. Parametric and nonparametric standard statistical tests for significance were carried out to evaluate the differences between the data. To avoid invalid conclusions of insignificant differences, we conducted tests for equivalence of the means and variances. The results from the data analysis revealed that both flow conditions and sampling methodology affected the water quality data. 相似文献
65.
The diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism in the preimplantation and prenatal stage is fraught with uncertainty and multiple factors need to be considered in order to gauge the likely impact. The clinical effects of chromosomal mosaicism are directly linked to the type of the imbalance (size, gene content, and copy number), the timing of the initial event leading to mosaicism during embryogenesis/fetal development, the distribution of the abnormal cells throughout the various tissues within the body as well as the ratio of normal/abnormal cells within each of those tissues. Additional factors such as assay noise and culture artifacts also have an impact on the significance and management of mosaic cases. Genetic counseling is an important part of educating patients about the likelihood of having a liveborn with a chromosome abnormality and these risks differ according to the time of ascertainment and the tissue where the mosaic cells were initially discovered. Each situation needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis and counseled accordingly. This review will discuss the clinical impact of finding mosaicism through: embryo biopsy, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and noninvasive prenatal testing using cell-free DNA. 相似文献
66.
Earthworms in general are tolerant to many chemical contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and
can bio-accumulate them in their tissues. Earthworms species like Eisenia fetida, Eisenia tetraedra, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus and Allobophora chlorotica have been found to remove heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, etc.) pesticides and lipophilic organic micropollutants like the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the soil. They ‘absorb’ the dissolved chemicals through the moist ‘body wall’
in the interstitial water and also ‘ingest’ by mouth while the soil passes through the gut. They either ‘bio-transform’ or
‘biodegrade’ the chemical contaminants rendering them harmless in their bodies. Meanwhile the quality of the soil is improved
significantly in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties as the worms thoroughly upturn and disperse the soil,
ingest large volumes of soil and excrete nutritive materials (NKP and micronutrients) in the form of ‘vermicasts’ along with
millions of beneficial soil microbes including nitrogen fixers. 相似文献
67.
Rajiv Kumar Sharma Pooja Sharma 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(6):883-904
The research implications of reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) aspects of engineering systems in recent years have increased substantially due to rising operation and maintenance costs. To strike a balance between the two the paper presents a framework which makes use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques to optimize RAM and cost decisions in a process plant. In the quantitative analysis, the imprecise and vague information regarding the system failure behavior is quantified by using the principles of fuzzy mathematics in terms of fuzzy and crisp values. Further, to manage the system reliability for best economic performance a resource optimization model based on multi-stage decision making (MSDM) has been proposed. The model makes use of crisp output values of unit's reliability along with relevant system information (number of components, manpower, cost ranges). In the qualitative analysis the in-depth analysis of the system is carried out using Root Cause analysis (RCA) and Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA). The ambiguities associated with the traditional FMEA are handled using Fuzzy Decision Making System (FDMS) and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA). The suggested framework has been illustrated with the help of a case. 相似文献
68.
Ranjith Gopalakrishnan Mathangi Jayaraman Shilpa Swarnim Rajiv K. Chaturvedi Govindasamy Bala N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):199-209
In this study, we model the long-term effect of climate change on commercially important teak (Tectona grandis) and its productivity in India. This modelling assessment is based on climate projections of the regional climate model of
the Hadley Center (HadRM3) and the dynamic vegetation model, IBIS. According to the model projections, 30% of teak grids in
India are vulnerable to climate change under both A2 and B2 SRES scenarios because the future climate may not be optimal for
teak at these grids. However, the net primary productivity and biomass are expected to increase because of elevated levels
of CO2. Given these directions of likely impacts, it is crucial to further investigate the climate change impacts on teak and incorporate
such findings into long-term teak plantation programs. This study also demonstrates the feasibility and limitations of assessing
the impact of projected climate change at the species level in the tropics. 相似文献
69.
Asbjørn Aaheim Ranjith Gopalakrishnan Rajiv Kumar Chaturvedi N. H. Ravindranath Anitha D. Sagadevan Nitasha Sharma Taoyuan Wei 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):229-245
We examine the potential for adaptation to climate change in Indian forests, and derive the macroeconomic implications of
forest impacts and adaptation in India. The study is conducted by integrating results from the dynamic global vegetation model
IBIS and the computable general equilibrium model GRACE-IN, which estimates macroeconomic implications for six zones of India.
By comparing a reference scenario without climate change with a climate impact scenario based on the IPCC A2-scenario, we
find major variations in the pattern of change across zones. Biomass stock increases in all zones but the Central zone. The
increase in biomass growth is smaller, and declines in one more zone, South zone, despite higher stock. In the four zones
with increases in biomass growth, harvest increases by only approximately 1/3 of the change in biomass growth. This is due
to two market effects of increased biomass growth. One is that an increase in biomass growth encourages more harvest given
other things being equal. The other is that more harvest leads to higher supply of timber, which lowers market prices. As
a result, also the rent on forested land decreases. The lower prices and rent discourage more harvest even though they may
induce higher demand, which increases the pressure on harvest. In a less perfect world than the model describes these two
effects may contribute to an increase in the risk of deforestation because of higher biomass growth. Furthermore, higher harvest
demands more labor and capital input in the forestry sector. Given total supply of labor and capital, this increases the cost
of production in all the other sectors, although very little indeed. Forestry dependent communities with declining biomass
growth may, however, experience local unemployment as a result. 相似文献
70.
A series of sixteen 2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamide derivatives were synthesized, characterized by physical and spectral data (IR, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry), and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogenic microorganisms. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, the best being 2-(3-(4-chlorophenylimino)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide. 相似文献